Changing patterns of cannabis culture
Over half of United States residents have access to legal cannabis in some form or fashion now, so why is it that we continue to find ourselves inundated with antiquated bits of misinformation, folklore, and hearsay? The answer, perhaps, lies not in the cannabis plant itself but within the complex narratives that have been woven around it over generations. As we move forward into an era where cannabis consumption is becoming part of not only our medical landscape, but our culture as well, it is exceedingly important that we take time to educate ourselves as the next generation of cannabis consumers. Gone are the days when cannabis users were deemed lazy stoners, as this toxic and propaganda-led mentality has largely taken a backseat to the ideology that most folks who consume cannabis are completely capable of leading productive, successful, and otherwise regular lives. With this type of forward momentum in the cannabis space, it is crucial that we take time to not only shed outdated social notions, but that we also embrace and understand the science behind cannabinoids, terpenes, and all constituents of the plant. That’s why I felt compelled to collaborate with Budmaster to create a comprehensive guide around one of the cannabis topics I feel very strongly about. Enter the entourage effect, a concept that challenges the oversimplified view of cannabis by highlighting how its various constituents work in concert to produce effects that are much more than the sum of their parts. Modern cannabis consumption isn’t just about getting high; it’s about understanding the intricate ballet of chemistry that can unlock new experiences and potentials for wellness and mindfulness. So, let’s embark on this discovery together, understanding and embracing the science that lies within every leaf and bud in our comprehensive guide to the entourage effect in cannabis.
What is the Entourage Effect?
In the flourishing world of cannabis, a fascinating hypothesis known as the entourage effect has captured the imaginations of scientists, enthusiasts, recreational consumers, and medical users alike. This intriguing concept, in its simplest form, posits that the effects of cannabis are based on more than just the plant’s individual cannabinoids, such as the well-known THC and CBD. Instead, the entourage effect concept suggests that cannabis’s cornucopia of other compounds like underlying (minor) cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, work together, producing synergistic (or antagonistic) effects. This multi-compound synergy is thought to amplify the therapeutic and experiential qualities of cannabis, offering a nuanced tapestry of effects that isolated compounds alone cannot provide. In other words, choosing a cannabis product based solely on the ever-popular THC concentration or percentage, may not be the best approach, depending on your desired experience. We will dig into the science surrounding cannabis’s collaborative symphony below.
The Origin and Science of the Entourage Effect Theory?
The term “entourage effect” was first introduced in the late 1990s by renowned Israeli scientists Dr. Raphael Mechoulam and Dr. Shimon Ben-Shabat. The late Mechoulam, often referred to as the “father of cannabis research“, along with Ben-Shabat, observed that fatty acids (lipids) in cannabis could enhance the activity of cannabinoids through a mechanism they termed the “entourage effect“. Their pioneering research opened the door to a broader understanding of how the diverse chemical constituents within cannabis interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system as well as with each other.
This groundbreaking notion largely shifted the focus from isolated cannabinoids to the complex interplay of all compounds within the cannabis plant. It marked a significant departure from traditional research that primarily centered on THC, the most prevalent psychoactive component of cannabis, and CBD, known for its therapeutic properties without the intoxicating effects of THC. The entourage effect theory proposed that lesser-known compounds, though present in smaller quantities, could significantly influence the plant’s overall effects on a user, both medicinally and recreationally.
Mechoulam and Ben-Shabat’s research sparked a wave of studies aimed at understanding — and in some cases, attempts to dispel — these intricate relationships. Scientists began exploring how terpenes — the aromatic compounds that give cannabis its distinct scents and flavors — could modulate the effects of cannabinoids. Terpenes such as myrcene, limonene, and pinene were found to have their own therapeutic properties, which could enhance the benefits of cannabinoids, reduce potential side effects, and contribute to the overall efficacy of cannabis.
The entourage effect underscores the potential importance of whole-plant medicine, suggesting that isolating individual compounds may not provide the same breadth of benefits as consuming cannabis in its full, natural form. This holistic approach has especially profound implications for medical cannabis users, offering a more comprehensive strategy for symptom relief and well-being. In fact, patients often quip that FDA-approved medications with isolated and/or synthesized Delta-9-THC as the active ingredient, can produce intense and undesirable effects in comparison to using natural, whole-plant cannabis products.
More recently, public interest in the entourage effect hypothesis has been revitalized by world-renowned cannabis researcher, Dr. Ethan Russo. In his comprehensive review of the entourage effect, Dr. Russo examined the potential for cannabinoids and terpenes to symbiotically enhance cannabis’s effects, suggesting that the therapeutic effects of cannabis are not solely due to the action of cannabinoids like THC and CBD (cannabidiol) but are also significantly influenced by terpenes, which can modulate and enhance the effects of these cannabinoids through the entourage effect.
This study is exceptionally pivotal in the cannabis research world as it provides a scientific basis for the entourage effect, proposing that the medicinal benefits of cannabis could be optimized by exploiting the synergistic interactions between its various components. Russo’s work encourages further research into the entourage effect and supports the notion that whole-plant cannabis preparations may offer advantages over isolated cannabinoids for medicinal use.
As research continues to unravel the complexities of the entourage effect, the cannabis community stands on the brink of a deeper appreciation for the plant’s intricate chemistry. The entourage effect remains a central topic in cannabis science and therapeutics, guiding us toward a more nuanced understanding of how this ancient plant can be harnessed for its fullest potential. It is vital to keep in mind that the entourage effect, while widely accepted by many in the cannabis community, remains a hypothesis. This said, researchers are continuously working to prove its validity, with promising research being published on a regular basis.
In essence, we should view the entourage effect as a reminder of nature’s sophistication, inviting us to look beyond the surface and explore the rich, collaborative dance of compounds that defines the unique character of every cannabis cultivar. It’s a testament to the potential power of naturally occurring synergy, where each note in the cannabis symphony plays a vital role in creating a harmonious and potent experience.
What is an Example of the Entourage Effect?
One of the most compelling examples of the entourage effect in action is the dynamic interplay between two of cannabis’s most prominent — and popular — compounds: THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (cannabidiol). While THC is most often recognized for its psychoactive properties, offering the euphoria or high associated with cannabis use, CBD is lauded for its therapeutic benefits, including pain relief, anxiety reduction, and anti-inflammatory effects, without inducing psychoactivity. It would be disingenuous to not point out the fact that THC can also produce the aforementioned therapeutic effects of CBD, but for the sake of this example, let’s assume that THC is being used solely for its euphoric effects.
Based on countless anecdotal accounts as well as emerging data from the research community, when these two compounds are consumed together, they create a synergy that exemplifies the essence of the entourage effect, enhancing the beneficial qualities of each while mitigating potential drawbacks — according to most consumers.
Consider a scenario where an individual utilizes a cannabis cultivar that maintains a balanced, 1:1 ratio of THC to CBD for managing chronic pain. THC, on its own, might provide significant pain relief but at the cost of psychoactive side effects that can be undesirable or impractical for daily activities. CBD, conversely, might soothe discomfort and reduce anxiety without psychoactive effects but may not be as effective for pain management when used in isolation.
However, when consumed together, CBD is believed to mitigate some of the psychoactive effects of THC, potentially reducing the intensity of the high and minimizing side effects such as anxiety or paranoia, which some users experience with high-THC concentrations. This interaction allows patients to benefit from the potent analgesic [pain-relieving] properties of THC while remaining more clear-headed and less impaired, thanks to CBD’s modulating influence.
Scientific and Anecdotal Evidence for the Entourage Effect
Most research supports this synergistic relationship theory, suggesting that CBD may increase THC’s pain-relieving qualities while reducing its psychoactive intensity. This balance not only makes the therapeutic use of cannabis more appealing to a broader audience but also highlights the nuanced potential of using specific cannabinoid ratios for personalized medicine.
For those interested in the pharmacodynamics of CBD and THC’s interaction, by most accounts, CBD molecules are considered an allosteric modulator at CB1 receptors in the endocannabinoid system. This means that CBD binds with the receptor, temporarily changing the way that the receptor responds to other compounds. At CB2 receptor sites, CBD molecules take the role of inverse agonists. This means that when a CBD molecule binds with this receptor, it produces the opposite effect. It is through its mechanism at CB1 receptors that researchers propose CBD’s potential ability to reduce the psychoactive effects caused by THC by partially “blocking” THC’s ability to bind with the receptor. In other words, CBD reduces the amount of THC that your body can utilize.
Anecdotal evidence from medicinal cannabis users further highlights the practical benefits of this synergy known as the entourage effect. Many patients report finding their optimal therapeutic window with cultivars or products that offer both THC and CBD in varying ratios, tailoring their use to their specific needs, preferences, and tolerances. This customization is a testament to the entourage effect’s real-world applicability, opening the door to a tailored approach to cannabis therapy that leverages the natural interplay between its compounds.
The Implications for Cannabis Consumers
The above example of THC and CBD working together illuminates the broader implications of the entourage effect for cannabis therapeutics. It suggests that the future of medicinal cannabis lies not in isolating individual compounds but in harnessing the full spectrum of the plant’s chemistry. By understanding and utilizing the entourage effect, researchers, clinicians, and consumers can explore more effective, personalized treatment options that reflect the complex biochemistry of both the cannabis plant and the human body.
In essence, the relationship between THC and CBD exemplifies the entourage effect’s transformative potential. It’s a clear illustration of how cannabis’s components can come together in harmony, offering a richer, more nuanced approach to healing and well-being. This synergy not only challenges our understanding of cannabis but also opens new avenues for the development of more holistic and effective therapeutic strategies.
Researchers have only begun to scratch the surface of the intricate co-mingling of cannabinoids and other constituents of this versatile plant. Scientists have identified and isolated over 150 monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes as well as around 100 different cannabinoids produced naturally by the cannabis plant. If you imagine for a moment, the potential combinations — technically, permutations — that are possible, you’ll quickly recognize how customizable your cannabis experience can be when utilizing more than just THC.
Still doing the math? If we dig through our old highschool math notes to find that permutation equation and plug in the known quantities of cannabinoids and terpenes, we get: [(150!)/(150-100)!] = 1.878531744 * 10198….and this isn’t taking into consideration the various concentration levels that could be used to further fine-tune variations.
Simply put, when we consider terpenes and other cannabinoids outside of THC and CBD, we position ourselves as new-age cannabis consumers who recognize the endless customizability of cannabis — now you see why we’ve evolved beyond the “lazy stoner” trope of decades past!
Is the Entourage Effect Real?
As with most scientific hypotheses, the idea of the entourage effect has stirred considerable debate within the cannabis community and beyond. The question most frequently posed is typically: is the entourage effect real, or is it just a captivating hypothesis without solid scientific backing?
The Scientific Perspective
The quest to validate the entourage effect has prompted researchers to explore the complex biochemistry of cannabis and its interaction with the human body’s endocannabinoid system. Studies, such as the aforementioned work by Ethan Russo, have reprioritized interest and provided compelling evidence supporting the entourage effect, illustrating how terpenes and cannabinoids can potentially synergize to enhance therapeutic effects and mitigate adverse effects. Endless examples can be found in real life, like THC and CBD combinations that I previously described or the impact of terpenes alongside cannabinoids such as the common use of linalool alongside CBD to potentiate anxiety relieving properties.
Despite these insights, the scientific community remains cautious, as conclusive, large-scale clinical trials are sparse. The complexity of cannabis’s chemical makeup and the individual variability in human biology make the entourage effect challenging to study under controlled conditions. Therefore, although promising, the scientific evidence supporting the entourage effect is still evolving, with researchers calling for more rigorous, comprehensive studies to fully understand these interactions.
Anecdotal Evidence and User Testimonials
Beyond the laboratory, anecdotal evidence from cannabis users worldwide lends credence to the entourage effect’s reality. Many individuals report distinct experiences and therapeutic benefits from full-spectrum cannabis products, which contain a wide range of cannabinoids and terpenes, compared to those using isolated compounds. These personal accounts highlight the nuanced differences in how people perceive the effects of cannabis, emphasizing the potential validity of the entourage effect in practical, everyday use.
The Professional Medical Viewpoint
Similar to the research community’s views, the medical community’s stance on the entourage effect is also cautiously optimistic. Many healthcare professionals acknowledge the potential of cannabis’s compound synergy, particularly for medical patients seeking alternatives to traditional treatment methods. However, they also highlight the need for more standardized, precise dosing information to safely and effectively utilize this synergy in clinical settings — all capabilities that will almost certainly become available in due time.
How Can I Experience the Entourage Effect with Cannabis?
Spoiler alert: If you’re a cannabis consumer, you’ve probably already experienced the entourage effect. Perhaps the better question to ask is: how do I improve my relationship with cannabis now that I know about the entourage effect? Here are five tips that I have picked up during my tenure in the cannabis industry that will almost certainly enhance your cannabis experience.
- Opt for Full-Spectrum Products
The first step towards experiencing the entourage effect lies in choosing full-spectrum cannabis products. Unlike isolates, which contain only a single cannabinoid (typically CBD or THC), full-spectrum products preserve the complete range of compounds found in the cannabis plant, including a variety of cannabinoids and terpenes. This composition closely mirrors the natural complexity of cannabis, providing an ideal foundation for the entourage effect to manifest. As a quick side note, some concentrate-based products like vapes lose their natural terpenes during certain extraction processes like supercritical CO2 extraction. Although these are almost always added back into the mix by the producer, the new concentration levels may not be indicative of those that were naturally occurring in the plant.
- Explore Cultivar Varieties
Cannabis varieties (colloquially referred to as “strains”) vary widely in their cannabinoid and terpene profiles, each offering a unique experience. Various breeds can produce different effects, from relaxation and sedation to euphoria and alertness. By experimenting with cultivars, you can discover how different combinations of compounds interact with your body’s chemistry, potentially unlocking the entourage effect’s benefits tailored to your preferences and therapeutic needs.
- Consider the Terpene Profile
Terpenes, the aromatic compounds responsible for cannabis’s distinct scents and flavors, play a crucial role in the entourage effect. They can influence the effects of cannabinoids and contribute to the overall experience. When selecting cannabis products, pay attention to the terpene profile — common terpenes like myrcene, limonene, and pinene have specific properties that can potentially enhance relaxation, mood, or focus. Understanding how these terpenes interact with cannabinoids can help you choose products that align with your desired experience. Another thing to note is that you don’t have to necessarily rely on the terpenes in your cannabis. There are numerous terpene-infused ancillary products on the market. If you’re not sure where to begin, I can personally recommend starting with a couple of these delicious blunt wrap variety packs. This gives you the ability to know the exact terpene profile of your wrap so that you can accurately assess the effects, taste, aromatic profile — all naturally! I’ve found that the Wedding Cake cone paired with a 1:0.25 THC:CBD ratio at a medium grind provides one of the smoothest, most relaxing, yet introspective experiences of any terp-infused cone that I’ve tried to date — But remember, everyone is different! I would love any feedback from others who have figured out a pairing that works well for them!
- Balanced Ratios for Personalized Experiences
For those particularly interested in moderating the psychoactive effects of THC while leveraging the therapeutic potential of CBD, products with balanced ratios of THC to CBD can offer a harmonized experience. These balanced products can mitigate some of THC’s intensity while still providing the benefits of both cannabinoids, potentially offering a more comfortable and controlled way to explore the entourage effect.
- Gradual Experimentation and Mindful Consumption
This isn’t a race! The key to experiencing the entourage effect lies in gradual experimentation and mindful consumption. Start with lower doses and pay attention to how different products and strains affect you. Cannabis experiences are highly individual, and what works for one person may not work for another. Keeping a journal of your experiences, including the types of products used, dosages, and effects felt, can help you refine your preferences and better understand how to achieve the desired entourage effect. Years ago, I thought the idea of a cannabis journal was crazy…until I started keeping one myself. My cannabis journal is so important to me now. It is filled with endless pages of notes and data that has given me the ability to stop mindlessly purchasing a cannabis product because it has a cool name or label. Now I can make informed decisions based on my desired effects and how I’m feeling in the moment — allowing me to really expand my personal connection with cannabis consumption.
The Takeaway: A Promising yet Unfolding Story
So, we’ve covered the history of, science behind, issues within, and personal interaction with the entourage effect. Hopefully now you are in a position to better educate the rest of the canna-community when asked, “is the entourage effect real”.
The current consensus around the entourage effect’s validity generally leans towards a cautious affirmation, bolstered by a growing body of research, compelling anecdotal evidence, and a nuanced understanding of cannabis pharmacology. While definitive scientific proof remains on the horizon, the entourage effect stands as a testament to cannabis’s complexity and potential as a multifaceted therapeutic agent.
As we continue to explore this intriguing phenomenon, the entourage effect reminds us of the importance of embracing the full spectrum of cannabis’s offerings. It encourages us to think beyond isolated compounds and consider the complete gamut of benefits that this plant may hold. The journey to unravel the entourage effect’s mysteries is far from over, but it promises to deepen our appreciation and understanding of cannabis, paving the way for innovative uses and therapeutic applications that harness the full potential of the friendliest plant on earth.
This article is for informational purposes only and not to be used as medical advice. Please speak with a medical professional before making any changes to your diet, medications, or daily routine. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
About the author: Grady Moore is a marketing and development consultant for the cannabis and hemp industry. He holds a Master of Science in medical cannabis science and therapeutics from the University of Maryland. Grady is passionate about increasing medical cannabis literacy and education. When he isn’t working, you can likely find him playing with his golden retriever named Doobie, taking time-lapse photography, or practicing cello. To connect with or keep up with Grady, follow him on LinkedIn.
